Technical and critical uses of artificial intelligence systems in chemistry education practices: emerging tensions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56117/resbenq.2026.v7.e072612Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence Systems, Technical Perspective, Critical Perspective, Technological MedicationAbstract
The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence Systems (AIS) in the educational field, especially in Chemistry Education, has raised both expectations and concerns related to its pedagogical, epistemological, and sociocultural implications. Given this scenario, this article aims to analyze how AIS has been reported in relevant studies in the field of Chemistry Education, in light of the perspectives on the technical and critical uses of technologies. To this end, a theoretical framework is initially constructed based on Pacey and Cupani's conceptions of technology and Wertsch's Theory of Mediated Action, allowing us to characterize technical use as instrumental, utilitarian, and productivist, and critical use as integrating contextual, cultural, epistemological, and pedagogical dimensions. Methodologically, the research was developed in two stages. The first consisted of an exploratory bibliometric mapping in the Web of Science database, aimed at identifying trends, recurring themes, and prominent authors in the scientific literature on Artificial Intelligence in Chemistry Education. Based on this mapping, highly cited works were selected to compose the corpus for the second stage, dedicated to a qualitative content analysis theoretically guided by emerging categories that identified characteristics of the technical or critical use of AIS. The results indicate the coexistence of different approaches in the analyzed studies. Some investigations emphasize the technical use of AIS, prioritizing efficiency, task automation, and process optimization, such as evaluation, planning, and production of teaching materials, anchored in a productivist and market-driven logic. In contrast, other works highlight a critical perspective, problematizing epistemological limits, risks of reproducing alternative conceptions, ethical issues, academic integrity, and the impacts of technological mediation on educational practices. It is concluded that the incorporation of AIS into Chemistry teaching is not neutral, and that the type of mediation constructed (technical or critical) directly influences values, pedagogical practices, and the roles of the teacher and the student. This study aims to contribute by providing theoretical and analytical support for the development of educational proposals that go beyond the merely instrumental use of information and communication technologies. It aims to promote a critical appropriation of these technologies in the context of chemical education.
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